Police administration 2 questions Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Police administration 2 questions - Coursework Example This essay compares the duties of a police chief with the duties of patrol sergeant, mayor, judge, prison warden, high school principal, and university president in terms of sources of influence. A police chief is expected to be a manger besides other policing qualifications and requirements. Firstly, he is expected to oversee a police department through the perspective of a manger. Under this mandate, a police chief is to oversee totality of operations by ensuring that other officers complete their duties effectively and timely. Moreover, he is expected to manage the affairs of a police department by ensuring availability of resources for relevant duties. As the chief of police, he is expected to undertake certain disciplinary actions on officers who do not comply with rules and regulations of a police department (Siegel, 2011). Sometimes he required to arbitrate dismissal and sanction on officers. These duties are similar to those of a high school principal, prison warden, and mayo r. This is because they are too required to make critical decisions on their respective institutions. Furthermore, the officers/leaders listed above are in charge of discipline in their respective institutions. For instance, a high school principal has the power to punish or reward a student according to their deeds. Consequently, a mayor has disciplinary obligations besides their management duties. Similarly, leaders in the private sectors such as company president, or senior-level manager have managerial as well as disciplinary obligations. The police chief is also required to mediate a police department with the public and other sectors of the society. Under this mandate, he is expected to attend community events and meetings on behalf of the department. In addition the police chief is expected to represent a police department in the, municipality’s board of directors. In such events, the chief is supposed to represent the public and duty officers on issues related to oper ations and security. Similarly, a high school principal acts as a representative of his school in social, legal and government related meetings. A university president also represents the students in high-ranking events and meeting. A prison warden represents the interests of prisoners and the prison in relevant board meetings so does company president and senior-level manager (Shaw, 2004). On the contrary, a judge does not represent the court or defendant in any forum. Leaders discussed above derive their influence from different sources. Indeed, a police chief draws his influence from legal obligations bestowed on him by the state. Consequently, the officer is in charge of other officers who always look upon him for counsel. Similarly, a school principal, senior level manger, university president, and company presidents are driven by the need to achieve success. On the other hand, a patrol sergeant, a mayor, and a judge are influenced by the need for outside and order within a soc iety. Question 2 Police officers are often accused of working off "quotas" for traffic citations and arrests. This is because policing cannot be compared to other trades or activities that rely on competition. Policing is a noble task and therefore officers are expected to observe their pledges of service to the public. Under this mandate, an officer cannot create a crime in order to make an arrest. However, not all police officers are true to their calling and this

Branches of Philosophy Essay Example for Free

Branches of Philosophy Essay There are five types of branches in philosophy. These branches can be categories as Metaphysics, Epistemology, Ethics, Politics, and Estetics. The first branch of philosophy is Metaphysics, also known as the study of existence. Metaphysics act as a foundation in philosophy as well as the foundation of the view of our world. Metaphysics is very important to all of us as it help us to deal with reality by explaining and interpreting the world and nature around us. As you can see, without Metaphysics in our life, we will be unable to preserve our life as well as being ambiguous toward the information and knowledge around us, if this happen, we will have difficulty to live and comprehend the world. Therefore, Metaphysics is very important in our life. There are also some key elements of a rational metaphysics, one of the most important element would be reality. From a metaphysical side of view, reality must be understood perfectly and correctly because reality can be said as absolute and consistent. It has a specific nature independent of our thoughts or feelings. Besides reality, causality also play an important role in metaphysics. This is because everything happens for a reason and also an effect. Every entity has a specific nature and act according to that specific nature. Therefore, we can define that causality is means by which changes occurs, but the changes occurs depending on a specific nature. The next branch of philosophy is Epistemology, which is also known as the study of knowledge. This branch of philosophy is used to address the question â€Å"How do I know about it† as Epistemology is the study of our method or ways to acquired knowledge. It also relates our minds to reality by concerning how are they related to each other before determine whether these relationships are valid or invalid. Epistemology also encompasses the nature and construction of concepts. All mental things such as idea and emotion are also compasses by Epistemology. We need to have Epistemology in order to identify the true and false in our daily life and also the method or ways of evaluating certain things to acquired knowledge and experience toward the world around us. Epistemology is important because we will not be able to identify right from wrong as we are unable to think properly without Epistemology. On the other hand, we will be able to achieve our goal as well as acquired more understanding toward reality if we got enough degree of Epistemology. Flaws in epistemology will make it harder to accomplish anything. One of the key elements of a proper Epistemology is our own senses. Our five senses are valid and also are the only way we can gain information about the world around us. Besides that, logic help us to maintain consistency within our knowledge. Validity is determined by objectivity while concepts are abstraction of a certain details of reality. These are all the key elements for a rational Epistemology. Ethics, also known as the study of how a person acts in his daily life, is dependent on Epistemology because it is impossible to make choices without knowledge. From a fundamental point of view, ethics is a method or way to categorized and pursue our own values. Human needs Ethics to live. This is because without ethics, the whole world will become chaotic as all our action will be aimless and random as all of us are unable to decide a course of action. Ethics will not be able to completely help us to pursue our goal if rationality is ignored. We must all have a rational ethical standard at a certain degree which we are able to identify our goal clearly in order to accomplish our most important values. Every branches of philosophy have their own key element to achieve certain level of value. For ethics, it requires a standard of value to which all goals and actions can be compared to. The ultimate standard of value is none other but the value of our own lives. If a person is able to recognize his importance not only to his physical survival, but to his well-being and happiness, that certain person can be said to have a very good and proper ethics in his life. One of the subset of ethics will be the next branches of philosophy known as Politics. Politics can be defined as the study of how men should interact in a proper society and what constitute proper in life, in other words, it is the study of Force which answer the question ‘What action are permissible’. Politics can be applied to every single person or a group of people. A society is set up by Politics as politics tell how a person should act or behave within a certain society. Politics is very important in a society and even a country itself, this is because a political system in a society or country will greatly affect the individuals within that specific area. The people within that system are allowed to function or act according to the nature of the politics that is applied there. If the system is unable to work out, it will either collapse such as the Communist Russia or it will cause rebel such as in Czarist Russia. The main goal of Politics must be the faculty of reason. This is because reason is the main means of survival for a man as ones cannot survive in an ineffective environment. In a moral political system, coercion must be banned because reason does not function under it as man cannot be forced to think about what is right or wrong. Society cannot be forced to think, but, government plays an important role here as governments can objective laws and also monopoly retaliatory force to prevent one person from doing illegal things that might harm the society. The last branch of philosophy is also known as the study of arts and the sense of life which is called Esthetics. Esthetics also studies the methods of evaluating arts and also the judgment of arts itself. This branch of philosophy depends on the previous branches of philosophy which is Metaphysics, Epistemology, and ethics. It is important to study art because art existed through all of recorded human history. Human’s unique ways of thinking and evaluating makes art unique as well. A person ability to abstract the concept of art can determined the standard of one’s life as well as satisfying his personal intellectual needs. This is why Esthetics is very important as it delves into the reason why does art existed. The main key element of a proper Esthetics is none other than a person’s value judgment of the creator. With the field of ethics, these value judgments can be evaluated as well as observed because art is a selective recreation of reality.

Hebrew Text And Fonts :: essays research papers

Hebrew Text and Fonts Today's written language is quickly becoming history. Just as the carved tablet has become a conversation piece in the archeologist's living room, the written language is quickly becoming as ancient as the dead sea scrolls. A new form of visual communication is taking over the entire world. Languages from across this widespread planet are now becoming more accessible to ever culture. As the pen and pencil begin to disappear into the history books, keyboards and monitors are making it easier for people to communicate in fast and effective ways. The text=hebrew">Hebrew Language has always been mysterious and bastardized, composed of ancient Greek and Egyptian symbol derivatives. The language eventually became independant, although it remains very mysterious, and is used mainly by the Israelites. Hebrew writing has now taken a new form , a form of which the English language has taken for many years. This new form called â€Å"type† is not new by any means, however, up until a few years ago, it was impossible to find a Hebrew Typeface on any word processing unite unless it was a specialized typewriter made in Jerusalem. The new Hebrew type has now been transformed into a computer compatible typeface found in two forms; script and print. The script form of the Hebrew type is equal to the commonly used italic form of the English typeface. Hebrew print form is a more linear and boxy form of the hebrew lettering. The Hebrew fonts and word processing software is easily downloadable to anyone though access to the internet. These programs are not compatible with English software but work on their own to allow for the ease of typing and

Precipitous Labor Essay

Labor, from beginning of true contractions to the delivery of the infant and placenta, typically lasts 9-19 hours. Precipitous labor is labor that lasts less than 3 hours, resulting in a precipitous birth, an emergency situation that could cause trauma to the mother and infant. There are many reasons for this anomaly, a large pelvis, small fetus in the optimal position or a previous precipitous birth. Any of these factors in conjunction with intense contractions results in a rapid decent of the fetus through the birth canal. This rapid expulsion could lead to head trauma in the fetus. The mother, enduring the tumultuous contractions, could receive lacerations to the vagina, cervix, urethra, perineal area or uterine rupture. The mother is also at a higher risk for amniotic fluid embolus and postpartum hemorrhage. Precipitous labor accounts for roughly 2% of births in the United States. A history of precipitous labor is the greatest significant risk factor for subsequent rapid deliveries. According to Ladewig, London and Davidson, women with a history of precipitous labor should be monitored closely and generally are suggested to induce labor around 38 weeks gestation to ensure the safety of the mother and fetus. Considering the nature of labor, however, there are no guarantees as to when labor may begin. If a pregnant client presents with intense contractions with little uterine relaxation in between and the client states contractions started within the hour, precipitous labor should be suspected. A thorough history should be obtained as quickly as possible, including any previous precipitous births, any childbirth preparations and a family history of precipitous labor. Leopold’s Maneuvers should be performed to determine the fetal position, if abnormal position is definite, the OR may need to be notified. During the cervical examination, any bulging of the perineal area, crowning, rectal distention, feces, increased vaginal discharge should be noted. A fetal heart monitor needs to be placed either externally or internally if there is time. A contraction monitor, called a tocodynameter, should be placed around the client’s abdomen. Check dilation, greater than 5cm per hour should initiate precipitous labor procedures. Most facilities have a prepared pack for such an emergency for advanced nurses to utilize in the event the doctor or midwife isn’t present. Risk for injury related to rapid labor and birth is the most common concern for the mother and fetus. There are no tests to determine if the client will experience precipitous labor, however there are a few tests to determine if the client is, in fact, in labor and her water has broke. The fern test is done by swabbing the posterior vaginal pool being sure to avoid the mucous plug located in the cervix. After the sample has been collected, smear the swab onto a glass slide. Once the slide is air dry, if the membranes have ruptured, the crystals that appear on the slide will make a fern-like shape. A pH test may also be done to confirm the rupture of membranes. Nitrazine paper is used to detect the vaginal pH of mothers expected of having ruptured membranes. The paper contains an indicator dye Phenaphthazine that changes color depending on the pH. Amniotic fluid pH is approximately 6. 5. The Nitrazine paper is wrapped around gloved fingers and inserted into the vagina. The results are positive for amniotic fluid if the paper turns blue. These tests are rarely done in this situation due to the time constraints. Labor is best controlled in a medical facility if time permits and in most cases, with the use of many different drugs ordered by an attending physician. During a doctor guided labor the client is given an IV and started on fluids, in most cases it is normal saline running at approximately 125ml/hr. Oxytocin is then started if the contractions are not productive or set aside to use after delivery to help prevent hemorrhage. If the client requests pain medication it is started when the client is dilated to 4-5cm. Most women choose an epidural, a form of regional analgesia where an anesthetic such as lidocaine or an opioid like morphine is injected into the epidural space via a catheter that remains in place until the procedure is over. This causes a loss of sensation and pain by blocking the signals through nerves in or near the spinal cord. IV injections of opioid analgesics such as Stadol and Nubain are available if the patient wishes to forego the invasion into the spine. In some instances, such as preterm labor, a tocolytic may also be ordered to slow or stop contractions. Magnesium sulfate or ritodrine is the most common however studies show that Nifedipine is more effective and safer. According to P.  Berstein (2004), a 2002 analysis of 12 controlled studies found nifedipine more effective and clearly safer. The nifedipine-treated neonates had a decreased risk of respiratory distress syndrome, necrotizing enterocolitis, and intraventricular hemorrhage. During a midwife labor, in majority of births, the client has pre-chosen a natural or drug free birth. Because precipitous labor is so rapid pain medications of any sort are contraindicated and unless the pregnancy is severely preterm, the physician will not offer tocolytics just to reduce contractions. If time permits, an IV may be started before delivery but, is not of the utmost concern. Labor is a very terrifying experience even when it is considered to have gone normally. Precipitous labor is even more so due to the extreme fast pace and increased probability something will go wrong. There is no prevention of precipitous labor because it is not fully understood why it happens. Planned induction is the best way to ensure that delivery occurs at a medical facility and is the safest way for the mother and child. Teaching the mother and support person the signs of true labor, the possible risks to the mother and infant and the importance of induction are essential to a successful precipitous labor. Although precipitous labor is rare, it is a medical emergency that requires quick actions and smart thinking. There is no prevention only education and thoughtful planning. Women who experience this anomaly are insanely scared and tolerate an enormous amount of pain but, with the proper preparation trauma can be limited and safety can be assured.

The Rate Of Photosynthesis

1) Construct a graph of your data 2) Using the graph, estimate the time at which 50 percent of the leaf disks were floating on the surface. The point at which 50 percent of the leaf disks are floating will be you point of reference for future investigations Using the graph the estimated time that roughly 50% of the leaf disks were floating on the surface was around the 10th minute. At the 10th minute our number rose up to 26/50 leaf disks. 3. What variable were you testing in this investigation? We were testing the leaf disks as the control.The white light, and the water were the controlled variables. 4. Explain why the leaf disks started to float after being exposed to white light. The leaf disks started floating after being exposed to white light because the process of photosynthesis is light- dependent. Light is required for the process of photosynthesis to begin and so the disks would not start floating unless they were placed under the sun, or in this instance the white light. 6 . In this investigation, you measured the rate of oxygen production. How might you measure the rate of loss of carbon dioxide?The rate of oxygen production was measured by the amount of dicks that stated to float at a certain time. After the disks have all floated to the top, the rate of carbon dioxide loss could be measured by how long it takes for the leaf disks to float back down to the bottom. 7) Brainstorm possible environmental factors that could affect the rate of photosynthesis. Do research on one of these factors and write a short paper on your findings. Factors that could affect the rate of photosynthesis could be the duration of wavelength, high light intensity, or even air pollutants.The topic we researched was ‘High Light Intensity†. High light intensity happens beyond saturation point. Light intensity reduces the rate of photosynthesis. This affect is called solarization. It can be caused by photo-inhibition and photo-oxidation. Photo-inhibition and photo-o xidation occurs when shade leaves are abruptly exposed to bright light or when sun leaves are exposed to bright light with environmental stresses such as water deficit or extreme temperatures. Both occur when the energy absorbed by the photosynthetic reaction centers exceeds the ability to use that energy in metabolic activity.

Why Everyone is Talking About Publishizer.com

Why Everyone is Talking About Publishizer.com Every author dreams of getting published and Publishizer.com helps make that dream a reality through its unique crowdfunding platform. And the formula is surprisingly simple: Submit a proposal on the Publishizer platform, sell pre-order copies with the use of the sites promotion tools, and then attract the interest of publishers interested in signing a publishing deal.The Publishizer processWrite a proposalThe Publishizer process begins with a proposal, which according to the website, is free and takes 60 seconds to complete- no manuscript required. To see how easy the process truly is, I signed up using my Facebook account (one of many sign-up options available) and was immediately taken to a page that asked for the title of my book, and its category.If you choose a title that has already been used in the platform, youll be notified of this. If you choose a unique title, youre immediately assigned a web address on the Publishizer platform that incorporates that title. Upon choosing a category (I chose Business for a trial run), youre informed of how many publishers involved with Publishizer are looking for manuscripts within that category. Then, you simply click on the Create Proposal button to be taken to the proposal template.Publishizer.com offers an online proposal templateThe template asks again for a working title, along with a subtitle (which is optional). Youre then asked to note the subcategory within the category you chose. You must then submit the word count of your completed manuscript. The template suggests that the average novel is around 50,000 words, while the average non-fiction word count falls between 50,000 to 100,000 words.The next section requests the level of completion of your manuscript at the current point in time. This section notes that if you are submitting a fiction title, its important to have a complete or almost-complete manuscript. However, if your proposal is for a non-fiction title, the site notes that you dont need to submi t a finished manuscript. According to Publishizer, 90% of non-fiction titles are accepted by publishers at the proposal stage, before the book is ever written! So if you have a great idea for a non-fiction book and have done your research on the topic, you really have nothing to lose by pitching it through the sites proposal process.Next, you need to write a hook for your book in 30 words or less. This blurb will be displayed when readers share your book on Facebook and other social media platforms, as well as the elevator pitch given to publishers who might be interested in publishing your book. This part is especially important, so be sure to spend a lot of time working through the perfect pitch.Following these initial bits of information about your book, the proposal process includes information about you, the author, along with a link to your author website. You must then write a 250 to 350-word blurb on the following: synopsis, outline, author bio, your books intended audience, how you intend to promote your work, the competition youve found, a sample of your writing, and a video promoting yourself and your book. The site notes that the video part is especially important, since you are selling yourself as an author and expert as much as you are selling your writing. Publishers also like to see that you are personable, marketable, and able to do your own outreach to gain an audience for your writing. These qualities help tremendously in marketing a book.Obviously, this information takes more than 60 seconds to complete, but the website provides helpful tips along the way for each section of the proposal. The template provided is standard to what Ive seen in other resources for submitting proposals to publishers and will require time, effort and research (particularly for the competition and audience sections) if participating authors expect to get the attention of traditional publishers. However, everything included in the Publishizer proposal template wil l also be a part of submitting a traditional proposal to publishers when marketing your work, so you need to do the legwork for each section regardless.As for the sample of writing, the website notes that this sample does not need to be a sample of the book, particularly if it is a non-fiction manuscript that has not been completed (or even begun). However, it would be my guess that publishers want to see a sample of the actual book being proposed in order to get a glimpse of the writers talent. For example, you wouldnt want to submit a proposal for a non-fiction book on how to open your own music instruction business, along with a sample of writing from your college creative writing course.Get exposure to publishersThis next step is where Publishizer really shines and is (in my opinion) an excellent resource for both published and newbie writers. Once your proposal is completed, Publishizer will send it out to publishers in a weekly round-up for 30 days. This type of exposure is es pecially valuable for writers who are unsure of the process of querying publishers or submitting proposals the traditional way and could offer established writers more options to choose from to get the best publishing deal. Additionally, the site advertises various promotional tools that can be used to help authors attract attention from the right publishers.Unlock a direct pitchPublishizer then provides the platform and shopping cart to sell pre-ordered copies of your book and unlock a direct pitch to the inboxes of traditional advance-paying publishers. Depending on your level of pre-orders, you could receive an offer from a traditional publisher, independent publisher, hybrid publisher, or service publisher (or a combination of types). The differences between these types of publishers are explained below.Sign a publishing dealFinally, the last step in the Publishizer process is to respond to the publishers who are interested in working with you to publish your book. If this seems overwhelming to you as a new author, the site offers guidance and support to each of its enrolled authors throughout this process. In my opinion, this guidance alone is extremely valuable- particularly for writers who have never been through the process of submitting manuscript proposals.Types of publishersThe Publishizer site offers the following descriptions of the types of publishers who participate on the platform.Traditional publishersTraditional publishers pay author advances, with royalties that tend to be at 10-20% of sales. This type of publisher is generally the most preferred type for most writers, and the site seems to suggest that with the right number of pre-orders- the likelihood is high that youll gain traditional publishers attention.Independent publishersIndependent publishers may or may not pay author advances; however, they tend to offer the most hands-on support, and offer the most author-friendly deal, at 15-50% of book sales.Hybrid publishersHybrid publishers may or may not charge authors for publishing the pre-orders. They tend to be flexible and the fastest to bring your book to market. Royalties range from 50-70% of final sales.Service publishersService publishers charge upfront costs to publish your book to meet the pre-sales you have acquired. They offer the highest level of control and ownership, since authors keep 100% royalties.Free author toolsPublishizer also offers several free author tools to help increase the number of pre-sales and attract the attention of publishers. These include:Step-by-step book proposal builderProposal hostingAuthor video to help you stand outA pre-order campaignTraffic stats, custom tracking links, and email invites for marketingPayment processing (credit card, debit card or PayPal in any currency)Proposal pitch to targeted publishersPublisher trackingLinks to sell via AmazonPromotion in their monthly newsletter (for trending campaigns)Guidance and help setting up your book campaign pageEmail campaig n text and strategies for launchThe Publishizer blogIn addition to the multiple free author tools the Publishizer platform offers, the sites blog is chock full of helpful information for authors. The most recent post, 3 Reasons a Manuscript Critique is Worth Every Penny, is written by a former Author Services manager at Amazon and discusses why serious authors should seek professional pre-publishing feedback and pay careful attention to what that feedback tells them.The Publishizer blog provides great advice for authorsOther blog topics include:How to Write a Book Pitch That Gets Noticed -  Not IgnoredHow To Get 1,000 New Book Subscribers In 30 DaysLabor of Love: Maggie Way on Romance and WritingI Wish Online Platforms Could Sell Your Book For YouHow to talk to book publishersHow to sell your book16,871 book subscribers in 10 minutesCan indie authors tame the marketing beast without breaking the bank?Overall, I found the blog articles to be highly informative and useful for authors at various stages of the writing and publishing process, particularly indie authors interested in building their audience through email campaigns and author pages.

Why Migraines Occur Essay Example

Why Migraines Occur Essay Example Why Migraines Occur Essay Why Migraines Occur Essay Migraine tends to affect more than 300 million people from across the world.   For many, the condition is more than a headache and is characterized by several distinctive symptom phases.   The condition is characterized by severe, debilitating and disabling headache that often needs no description.   The people suffering from migraine also had several other problems including photophobia, burning, nausea, vomiting, visual disturbances, altitude sickness, etc.   Migraine may have several other implications.   About 17 billion dollars a year is lost due to lost work, disabilities and healthcare expenditure owing due to headache.   Through historical records, it has been suggested that the disorder has affected man for more than 7000 years.   However, medicine still continues not to identify the cause and a treatment that could help cure the disorder.   Many people do not even approach the doctor to get the disorder treated as they feel that medical treatment can do litt le or no help.   Earlier, scientific research proved that the disorder was a vascular condition, but today scientists have identified that it is more of a neurological condition that develops primarily from pathology in the brain stem cells.   The nerve cell malfunction tends to sweep across other parts of the brain.   Today, the exact cause of migraine is still unknown, but scientists are developing several new forms of treatment for the condition including gene therapy (after considering the genetic basis of the disease), molecular biology and imaging of the brain.   This would enable to get back to normal activities faster (Dodick, 2008, Kantor, 2006). The neuro-vascular model which has been implicated for the cause of migraine includes vascular and neurological factors.   Another model frequently being considered is the Convergence Hypothesis that tries to associate the clinical symptoms with the pathophysiology of migraine.   According to this model, migraine is considered to be an event with a beginning, a mid and an end.   A symptom-based diagnostic approach would consider migraine during the peak stages.   With the convergence model, the entire process would be looked up on including the prodromal, the aura and the end phases.   Using the convergence model, the events can be drawn as a curve when charted against time (Curtis P. Schreiber, 2005). Body Migraine is a chronic medical disorder characterized by disabling headache, nausea, vomiting and photophobia.   In many people, the throbbing headache may be experienced on one-side of the face. The condition usually occurs in 11 % of the people in the US.   Migraine is more common in people with a family risk of the condition. It occurs anywhere between the ages of 10 to 46 years, and is more common in women compared to men.   In women, the condition may even occur beyond till the age of 55 years.   During the period of pregnancy, the number of migranous attacks usually reduces.   During the 1980’s scientists found that migraine develop due to a disorder in the blood vessels that supply the brain.   However, today it is clear that the condition develops due changes in the brain, nerve pathways and the chemicals present in the brain (Dodick, 2008, Kantor, 2006). From one individual to another, the frequency, duration, severity and aggravating factors of migraine would differ significantly.   On an average, people suffer from migraine, one or two days every month.   About 10 % of the population gets the disorder every week and 20 % get the attacks every 2 to 3 days, and about 14 % develop a serious version of the disease, in which the symptoms are seen every alternate day (Dodick, 2008, Kantor, 2006). Several events may trigger or aggravate attacks of migraine including alcohol consumption, dehydration, physical stress, exertion, menstruation, emotional stress, anxiety, seasonal, climatic or weather changes, allergy, bright lights, loud noises, florescent lights, sleep alterations, missing meals, tension headache, use of birth control pills, lack of sleep, staying at higher altitudes, hunger, certain foods, smoking, tobacco consumption, etc.   Some of the foods that can trigger migraine attacks include foods containing tyramine, monosodium glutamate or nitrates. Some of the foods that contain tyramine include red wine, cheese, smoked fish, liver of chicken, bens, figs, etc, and foods that contain nitrate include hot dogs, salami and bacon.   Other foods that can also trigger migraine attacks include citrus fruits, bananas, avocados, onions, dairy products, chocolates, pickles, nuts, peanut butter, fermented products, etc.   The ancient Greeks were the ones to coin the word m igraine from ‘megrim’ meaning hemicrania or one-sided headache.   Galen considered migraine to be a painful disorder that affected one half of the head.   The Greeks considered to be caused due to descent of the vapors from the liver to the brain.   Later, in the 17th century, blood flow defects were considered to be the main cause for migraine rather than humors.   From the 17th century to the 1980’s, the vascular theory proved to be responsible cause for migraine.   Wolff from the Presbyterian hospital New York considered that migraine was caused due to dilatation and expansion of the blood vessels present in the brain.   Once the expansion of the blood vessels occurs, the pain-signaling neurons of the brain get activated, leading to a headache.   Before the headache actually occurs, there is a drop in the blood supply to the brain causing constriction of the blood vessels.   However, newer research work conducted in the field of migraine demons trates that the disorder is caused not due to vascular alterations but due to neurological changes.   Earlier it was thought that vascular flow of the blood in the brain had increased something like 3-fold times.   In fact, latest scientific evidence clearly suggests that just before the migraine attack, the cerebral blood flow is either normal or drops down a bit (Dodick, 2008, Kantor, 2006). The aura that occurs before the migraine attacks was a serious clue to the scientists that the disorder had a neurological basis.   The aura can be seen in two conditions, one in migraine as a preceding symptom and the other in epileptic seizures as a part of the sensory visual hallucinations.   The individual in migraine would be able to see stars, bright lights, sparks, lightning bolts, geometric designs, etc.   In some people weakness, speech impairments and tingling sensations develop.   In some people, the visual aura may not appear and all, but in other it may even occur during the entire headache phase.   Today, scientists have identified the exact mechanism of this aura.   A wave of intense nerve activity (cortical spreading depression) spreads throughout the cortex especially the areas of vision.   Following the hyperexcitability, there is a phase of neural inhibition.   During the phase of intense neuronal activity, there is active firing and a lot of energy is required.   Following the intense neuronal firing, the nerve cells require less quantity of blood.   The neuronal firing spreads at the rate of 2 to 3 millimeters every minute, and this is just the exact rate at which aura develops.   Besides affecting vision, the intense neuronal activity would also affect sensory and motor signals (Dodick, 2008 NINDS, 2008). Studies have clearly shown that genetic factors play a very important role in the development of migraine.   The genetic susceptibility of migraine is similar to other disorders such as diabetes, hypertension, etc.   In identical twins, the other twin is at a higher risk of developing the disorder, when one twin actually suffers from it.   However, non-genetic or environmental factors play an important role in the development of migraine.   Genetic factors may increase the excitability of the neurons, leading to a disturbance in the ion transportation system.   Several other disorders may also be as a cause of ion transportation defects including seizures and cardiac arrhythmias (Dodick, 2008 NINDS, 2008). The exact way in which the spreading cortical depression of neurons causes’ headache is not understood clearly, but scientists feel that the trigeminal nerve may be involved.   The manner in which the trigeminal nerve causes pain sensation is not understood clearly.   When the intense cortical depression spreads, it causes chemical changes in the neurotransmitters leading the trigeminal nerve to transmit pain sensations.   The spreading depression can also activate the trigeminal nerves in the subcortical regions leading to headache.   The mechanism of aura may operate in both, people suffering from migraine with or without aura.   However, in people who do not suffer from aura may develop other symptoms including tiredness, weakness or difficulty concentrating.   Besides, involvement of the cortical and the subcortical regions in migraine, the brain stem (an ancient part of the brain) may be responsible for migraine pain.   The brain stem contains three groups o f nuclei that can play an important role in migraine.   The nuclei would inhibit the firing of the trigeminal nerve, thus causing the trigeminal neuron to fire without any pain signal.   There would be an incoming pain signal although actually there are no stimuli.   Besides, involvement of the trigeminal nerve from the brain stem, other sensory nerves including those that control visual functions may also be affected, resulting in false sensory incoming signals causing visual field disturbances (Dodick, 2008 NINDS, 2008). During an attack of migraine several processes tend to occur.   Certain triggering factors mentioned may stimulate the release of peptides such as substance P, Calcitonin Gene-related peptide, etc.  Ã‚   They tend to dilate blood vessels and cause inflammation which results in over-excitation of the trigeminal nerve.   The brain would not be affected with the headache, but the blood vessels and the meninges would be involved.   Auras occur as a result of blood flow changes (Daniel Kantor, 2007). Certain migraine headaches occur due to abnormalities in the calcium channels and also the magnesium, potassium and sodium channels.   Calcium channels present control the release of the neurotransmitter serotonin.   This neurotransmitter can play an important role in the development of migraine.   Besides, abnormalities in the levels of other neurotransmitters such as dopamine and stress hormones can result in migraine.   Dopamine could act as a stimulant of migraine and in certain individuals with genetic characteristics, higher levels of dopamine can result in nerve cell excitation.   Several prodromal symptoms such as mood changes, drowsiness and yawning are closely associated with dopamine disturbances.   The calcium channels play a vital role in the development of the cortical spreading depression (which is the cause of the migraine symptoms).   In people who suffer from migraine, magnesium deficiencies have been found.   During a migraine attack, a drop in the magnesium levels has been observed.   Once the levels of magnesium levels are low, the nerve cells become highly unstable and tend to misfire.   This could be responsible for the aura that develops.   Magnesium has been strongly associated with the calcium channels in the body.   Certain inherent deficiencies in the calcium channel systems may be present in people who develop migraine. Individuals with familial hemiplegic migraine have mutation of the gene that expresses for calcium channel systems.   Nitric Oxide has also been associated with migraine and other headaches.   Over-excitation of the nerve cells can result in the production of nitric oxide.   A rise in the nitric oxide in the blood vessels may stimulate several nerves in the brain and cause the development of pain.   Hormone fluctuations can also play a role in the development of migraine.   The changes in several hormones especially estrogen can be responsible for migraine development.   If the hor mone levels are high, low or normal for long, the migraine process would not be activated.   Hormonal fluctuations are more likely to cause migraine.   This is because fluctuations impact the serotonin and other neurotransmitter levels (Daniel Kantor, 2007). Conclusion Today, a lot of research has been identified which potentially helps to better under the migraine process.   Migraine is more of a neuro-vascular condition rather than a vascular condition earlier thought.   Currently, there are no specific drugs to treat migraine, and most of them are other groups of drugs that are utilized to treat other conditions.   Usually, ergotamine preparations, painkillers, NSAIDS, etc are given which works partially.   Hence, it has been clearly observed that they can work only in half the number of migraine patients.   Several groups of antihypertensive drugs, anti-seizure drugs, calcium channel blockers and antidepressants may work by normalizing the membrane potential thus helping to curb the rapidly-spreading cortical nerve depression.   They would work in patients who develop migraine with or without aura.   These groups of drugs would work by prevent channels present on the nerve membrane from opening up, thus helping to control calcium movement.   In this way, the nerve membrane would be stabilized.   Individuals also need to adopt a diet that can effectively help avoiding headache provoking foods and substances such as cheese, tobacco, alcohol, etc.   Blood glucose and blood pressure should be monitored and kept under control.   Better sleep hygiene and exercising patterns need to be ensured.   Stress needs to be handled in more appropriate fashions (Curtis P. Schreiber, 2005, Dodick, 2008 Mayo, 2007). Curtis P. Schreiber. â€Å"The Pathophysiology of Migraine.† Clinics in Family Practice 7.3 (2005). Daniel Kantoor. â€Å"Migraine headaches – Highlights, FDA Warning: Serotonin Syndrome.† 2007. ADAM. 29 Nov 2008. mdconsult.com/das/patient/body/111946799-8/777861931/10041/9399.html Daniel Kantor. â€Å"Migraine.† Medical Encyclopedia. 2006. Medline Plus. 16 Nov 2008. nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000709.htm David W. Dodick and J. Jay Gargus . â€Å"Why Migraines Strike.† Scientific American. (July, 2008). sciam.com/article.cfm?id=why-migraines-strike Mayo Clinic. â€Å"Migraine.† 2007. Mayo Clinic. 16 Nov 2008. mayoclinic.com/print/migraine-headache/DS00120/DSECTION=allMETHOD=print NINDS. â€Å"Headache: Hope through Research.† 2008. NINDS. 16 Nov 2008. ninds.nih.gov/disorders/headache/detail_headache.htm

Chicago Referencing †Citing a Paper from a Conference

Chicago Referencing – Citing a Paper from a Conference Chicago Referencing – Citing a Paper from a Conference (Author–Date Style) The collected papers from an academic conference are often published as â€Å"conference proceedings.† But how do you cite a paper from a conference in an essay or dissertation? In this post, we look at doing exactly that using Chicago author–date style referencing. In-Text Citations To cite a paper from a conference, give the author’s surname and the year of publication in parentheses at the end of the relevant passage: Gin production increased between 1688 and 1721 (Gordon 2004). If you are quoting a conference paper, moreover, include a page number after a comma: This led to a â€Å"state of moral panic† (Hendrick 1990, 108). If the author is already named in the text, there is no need to repeat this information in the citation. Instead, give the year of publication (and any page numbers) immediately after the author’s surname. Reference List: Published Paper from Proceedings If you have cited a paper taken from published proceedings, use the following format in the reference list at the end of your document: Surname, First Name. Year of Publication. â€Å"Title of Paper.† In Title of Published Proceedings, edited by Editor Name(s), page numbers. City of Publication: Publisher. In practice, then, the reference list entry for a published conference paper would look like this: Gordon, Alexander. 2004. â€Å"Reexamining the Gin Craze.† In Proceedings of the Annual Conference of Historical Beverages, edited by Franciscus Sylvius, 24-31. New York: NYU Press. Reference List: Unpublished Paper from a Conference Occasionally, you may want to cite an unpublished conference paper. This will typically be a paper you saw presented in person or that the author has made available online, but that has not been published in any proceedings. The format to use in your reference list in this case is: Surname, First Name. Year of Presentation. â€Å"Title of Paper.† Presented at Name, Location and Date of Conference. For example, we could present an unpublished conference paper as follows: Hendrick, William. 1990. â€Å"Legal Responses to the London Gin Craze.† Presented at The Annual Conference of Historical Beverages, New York University, New York, 24-27 June 1990.

Rhetorical analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 8

Rhetorical analysis - Essay Example He has an alcohol abuse problem that becomes a source of rift between him and his employers. Osborne is not able to do his best at the job owing to his drinking issues. Eventually Osborne Cox is fired by the CIA owing to his drinking problem that fills him with much angst, rage and disappointment. Osborne decides to get even with the CIA by drafting his memoirs narrating his experiences with the CIA that eventually he ends up losing, giving way to much personal black mailing and harassment. The movie Burn after Reading revolves around the theme that one should avoid writing one’s personal information and secrets anywhere to avoid eventual data theft which may result in unwarranted and harmful implications (Doom 45). Had Osborne not written his personal experiences on the ill fated CD, not only it would have saved him much trouble, but would have also not led to much chagrin and tragedies. Once Osborne gets fired from the CIA, his paediatrician wife sees in it a chance to end her dysfunctional marriage with Osborne and to continue with her adulterous affair with Harry. In Osborne’s professional problems she sees an opportunity to seek a divorce from him so that she could carry on with the affair she is having with Harry. The sad thing is that Osborne has saved much prolonged diatribe against his ex employer that is the CIA on his computer hard drive. Desirous of seeking a divorce from Osborne, his wife Katie Cox on the advice of his divorce lawyers decides to save all the data residing on Osborne’s computer hard drive on to a CD. Unluckily she also ends up saving the professional details regarding the CIA that Osborne had saved on his computer onto the very same CD. This lets loose a chain of events that give way to much harassment and loss. The diskette onto which Katie has copied many of his personal files from the memoir falls into the hands of two un scrupulous gym employees, Linda and Chad, who try to sell it. Linda wants some money for an elective

Does historical and cultural heritage hamper or stimulate foreign real Essay

Does historical and cultural heritage hamper or stimulate foreign real estate investment in historical cities (St Petersburg) - Essay Example op reining horse and across the bridge one can also see the impearl Mariinsky palace made remarkably visible by the gallant anchor and grappling hook themed flag of St Petersburg flying high. The ever spring green Alexander garden which extends for a few miles with the broad river Neva flowing past. These and many other structures and features that characterize the St Petersburg skyline have made it to be one of the top historical tourism cities in Europe (Trachtenberg and Hyman, 1986). There have been numerous tussles between real estate developers and preservationists in this town. This is because a huge part of urban Russia is occupied by concrete apartments designed in the postmodern period with the intention of housing as many tenants as possible to handle the ever-expanding population. In the backdrop of all this, St Petersburg emerges as a jewel set idyllically by the river Neva and sharply contrasting with the nation’s postmodern infrastructure. In the course of them S oviet period it was been relegated to a run-down and neglected town, but it later reclaimed its glory and with this resurrection have come skyrocketing property values. This has resulted to questions of whether the city can survive with its historical significance intact in view of its incredible real estate potential. While UNESCO protects most of the structures for their historical relevance, there have been disputes on whether the real estate in St Petersburg is more beneficial acting as cultural edifice or being developed for the sake of economic growth. The opinion of the Russian government on this matter is not difficult to guess; in 2013, it prepared a draft document for UNESCO that appeared to be the start of a process to remove numerous protected historical sites from the organizations’ protected list of properties. According to Russians opposed to the move, it is a question of reserving the cultural integrity of the city and profiting from the high property values that would

Project Management Review Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Project Management Review - Coursework Example In other words, communication is the most significant element within any project. Project managers mainly use three communications channels namely upward channel, downward channel, and lateral channel in order to ensure effective communication at various levels. Since the project communication significantly affects employee performance, project mangers must ensure effective upward and downward communication in order to maintain a high-performance team working on the project. The process of project management mainly passes thorough eight distinct phases. The project management phases are team assembly, project initiation, project planning, project execution, project leadership, project monitoring and controlling, project presentation, and project conclusion. Communication is a vital component in all these eight project phases. However, the given scenario indicates only the project presentation phase. ... Therefore, resource scheduling may not be effective if the project manger is unskilled or inexperienced. In other words, a project manager’s competence would determine the flow of project development. Likewise, the resource scheduling program may not produce the intended results unless other project participants are really committed to the project. In the words of Kalton and Richards (2008), resource scheduling technology usually indicates procedures and software applications tools for planning and scheduling resources employed in a project. Therefore, improved technology’s deficiency may also reduce the scope of resource scheduling. In total, efficient and integrated operation of the project team is crucial for the successful completion of a project. 3. According to Gray and Larson (2005, p. 183), people, materials, equipment, and working capital are four types of resource constraints. It is obvious that people are an inevitable component in a project as this component determines the success or failure of a project to a large extent. For instance; programmers and mechanical engineers. Many project teams try to overcome labor constraints through internationalization as this process assists project teams to import foreign labor and to set up foreign subsidiaries that employ local staff from the host country. Similarly, material shortage has been attributed to the delay of many projects. It is also identified that equipment sometimes becomes a constraint to the project development. For instance, earth moving tractors. Lack of availability of equipments may result in project delay. Finally, lack of access to finance also adversely affects resource scheduling. If the availability of resources is extremely limited, the project management team would be forced to

Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 8

Ethics - Essay Example At the same time, he did the very best he could and is confident that he well documented Jamie’s case and that, unfortunately, the final decision is left to the SAT board. As a professional, he feels that his time should be compensated as agreed upon and he should respectfully ask him to reconsider his decision not to pay. What legal and ethical actions can you take to collect your fees? It is implied from the case study that no written contract was signed stating that there was not a guarantee that the written documentation provided would convince the SAT committee to allow Jamie additional time on the exam. A verbal contract in this case would not be binding because both parties would likely disagree on what was agreed upon. Legally, it does not appear that anything can be done. Can you send the account to a collection agency? Why or why not? FERPA rules guarantee a student’s right to educational privacy. In this case, sending the issue to a collection agency would re quire a statement of the case, which would most certainly involve the child’s name, or a variation thereof. As such, this would be considered a breach of confidentiality and could actually land the psychologist in trouble. Are the parents or Jamie responsible for the fees? Explain. In this case, the parents would be responsible for the fees. ... Chapter 11: The Case of Ludwig Do you agree with Ludwig’s clinical decision? Do you agree with his rationale? I do not agree with Ludwig’s clinical decision primarily because it does not appear that he explored all viable options. For one, we do not see where he has discussed the issue with Ella at all. If they have a strong working relationship, as mentioned in the case study, then she would likely be open to hearing his suggestion. At that time, if she completely rejected the idea, then they could formulate other more viable treatment options. One suggestion is that he could advise Ella to go with her family and attend family therapy sessions, while he continued to see her in individual sessions. In this manner, they could continue their strong counseling relationship together. Oddly enough, I do agree with Ludwig’s rationale simply because it makes sense in the context of the decision he made. In his mind, he was watching out for Ella’s best interest, b ut in doing so, he lost sight of his responsibility to the patient. From your perspective, would it have made a difference if he had consulted with Ella? Would it have made a difference if he had consulted with or obtained supervision from a colleague? In my opinion, it would have made a difference if he had consulted with Ella. It has been established that they have a good counselor-patent relationship already established. As such, it would be likely that Ella would seriously consider his opinion. At the very least, they would have had an open dialogue where Ella could decide to reject or accept Ludwig’s opinion. Had Ludwig consulted with a colleague, he would surely have been counseled that he had an ethical responsibility to refer Ella for family therapy. This would

Respect all Personsdescribe respectful behavior and discuss how it is Essay

Respect all Personsdescribe respectful behavior and discuss how it is important in student life and your professional career - Essay Example In the United States, proper care is given high importance by the federal government. This calls all the working medical profession to protect this right by giving proper care to all people â€Å"regardless of their personal attributes or life situations† (ANA 6). In the hospital environment, a nurse handles more than one patient to take care. This can be distressing, but a nurse nourished with respectful behavior should not show this mood explicitly to any of the patients and to the other hospital staff; the key word is self-control. As nurses, they should be able to practice their tasks effectively and professionally such as listening attentively, "exhibit empathy and understanding," and to be "fair, consistent, and empathetic" (Ulrich, et. al. 8-9). These attitudes should be maintained even during a nurse’s personal problem. Another factor in the concept of respect in the nursing profession is the cultural diversity of the patients. With respect to culture, the nurse s should be oriented first with the background of the patients they are about to handle.

Worldviews applied Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Worldviews applied - Essay Example Post-modern women prefer to have an abortion if they are financially unable to cope with raising a child. Pregnancies that are not planned leave the future mother with a tough choice to make. If she does not have a boyfriend or partner, then she would have to raise the child on her own. Going through with the baby would mean that she would need to take time off work perhaps a couple of months before the baby is born and then a few months after the birth. For a woman who has built a solid career for herself, this can act as a deterrent to having a baby. The cost involved with raising a child can also be probative, and it may prevent a woman from achieving financial security. Another reason why post-modern women favor abortions is because of the hindrance a baby would be on their social lives. Young women generally like to go out with friends to parties, go shopping at the mall, and take trips overseas during their holidays. The presence of a young child changes all that completely because all of a sudden the child’s needs must be put first. What cannot be disputed is that having a baby changes a woman’s social life completely, and some woman are just not willing to accept that and so choose to get abortions. The final reason why post-modern women choose to receive abortions is because of the physical harm that a woman has to go through to deliver a baby. Getting pregnant as a result of incest or rape is something that many women go through each year, and some choose to abort because of the shame at having gone through such a physical ordeal. Still, other women prefer to get an abortion because of the negative changes their bodies will experience over the course of pregnancy and even for months after. A woman’s body has to accommodate a child, and this can change the physical complexion of a woman completely. In conclusion, post-women are empowered to make their own choices

Respect all Personsdescribe respectful behavior and discuss how it is Essay

Respect all Personsdescribe respectful behavior and discuss how it is important in student life and your professional career - Essay Example In the United States, proper care is given high importance by the federal government. This calls all the working medical profession to protect this right by giving proper care to all people â€Å"regardless of their personal attributes or life situations† (ANA 6). In the hospital environment, a nurse handles more than one patient to take care. This can be distressing, but a nurse nourished with respectful behavior should not show this mood explicitly to any of the patients and to the other hospital staff; the key word is self-control. As nurses, they should be able to practice their tasks effectively and professionally such as listening attentively, "exhibit empathy and understanding," and to be "fair, consistent, and empathetic" (Ulrich, et. al. 8-9). These attitudes should be maintained even during a nurse’s personal problem. Another factor in the concept of respect in the nursing profession is the cultural diversity of the patients. With respect to culture, the nurse s should be oriented first with the background of the patients they are about to handle.

J&S mini supermarket Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

J&S mini supermarket - Research Proposal Example Their main problems lie in the fact that they don't have the resources (enough staff) to offer a good service to their clients. This means that they have not been able to pay attention to building relationships with their customers. Relationship marketing is defined as "a marketing method in which businesses consistently maintain two-way communication with their prospective, current and inactive customers in order to gain a deeper understanding of their needs while delivering personal and compelling marketing throughout their lifecycle"(Vtrenz,2004:4). It involves understanding the customers' needs as they go through their life cycles, and one of its central concepts is customer retention.(Wikipedia, 2005) At J & S, customers are hard to retain because once they have experienced a bad service, they seldom come back. In order to start building relationships with their clients, this business must get to know them; who are their clients, what are their needs. This can be done by several ways. From the basic observation technique (e.g. noticing their shopping patterns); to applying mini surveys while they wait in line to pay. The point is to get to know them better. It is useful to observe things like: With this information, you ... With this information, you might be able to offer valuable services to the clients such as free parking (and/or parking space for bikes), weekly offers and promotions, etc. The point is to design a strategy that fits the customers' lifestyles and needs. Focusing on the customers' needs One of the main things the clients need at this convenient store is to be able to find their products easily. This can be done; first, by re-organizing the store's layout so that the access and flow through the locale is easy. Then, by using clear signs in the aisles and throughout the that help the customers find what they need (and their prices). Customers shouldn't feel left alone in their task of shopping their groceries. It should be made a pleasurable experience instead of a hassle. Hiring new staff for the purpose of aiding and guiding the customer is the most important action to be taken by this convenient store. Their job is to be available to the clients, to have the information about the products, about where they are located, and about new products. They should wear a distinctive uniform, perhaps a good suggestion is that they wear T-shirts or vests with a legend such as "Ask me if you have any questions" or "I'm here to help you". The clerk should salute and ask the client "Did you find all that you were looking for" before they pay, and thank them for shopping there before they leave the store. All these little details count. They will make the customer feel special and it is likely that he/she will return because the service was good and focused on the client. In the store, machines to verify the price should be available at the end of each aisle, and a person should be responsible for checking the aisles for missing prices tags, and misplaced products. Extra

International Business Essay Example for Free

International Business Essay 1. Summarize the globalization debate. What are the major interest groups in the world economy? How are they affected by different elements of globalization? 2. Who benefits and who loses from a shift in jobs to low-wage economies? Consider this question from the perspective of consumers, labour, technological change, firms, nation-states. Are the net benefits likely to be positive? 3. Identify and evaluate the sources of conflict between pressures on companies to operate globally and the desire of governments to regulate companies and activities within their borders. 4. Account for the existence of counter trade in the world economy and explore the view that its influence will continue as a solution to the problem developing countries face when attempting to export to western markets? 5. Analyze the likely impact on domestic markets of import restrictions via tariffs and quotas respectively. Discuss the dynamic side effects that can arise from import protection. 6. In the light of the strategic significance of price discrimination between cross-border markets to firms, evaluate the merits of anti-dumping measures. 7. Outline the static and dynamic effects of a customs union and explain why regional integration blocs composed of small economies are unlikely to be economically beneficial. 8. Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of the joint venture over licensing as a foreign market entry mode. Describe scenarios when licensing might be the preferable one of the two entry modes. 9. International franchising is often regarded as a low-risk foreign market entry strategy. Does this view fully reflect the attraction of international franchising as a market entry mode? 10. Under what circumstances would a BOT system make sense as an international marketing strategy?

Stephen Dedalus in James Joyces A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Ma

Stephen Dedalus in James Joyce's A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man When the soul of a man is born in this country there are nets flung at it to hold it back from flight. You talk to me of nationality, language, religion. I shall try to fly by those nets The spirit of Ireland is embodied in young Stephen Dedalus, the central character of James Joyce's A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Like the Dedalus of Greek myth, Stephen must grow wings so that he may fly above the tribulations of his life. As he matures, Dedalus begins to understand his position in life, and decides to rise above the turbulent Ireland of the early 1900s in a rebellion against society, a struggle against his beliefs and a struggle against his heritage. Joyce wrote A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man in the decade preceding its first publication in 1916. The early 1900s was a turbulent time for Ireland, a time in which many groups and individuals were making pushes for an Independent Ireland. Joyce brings Irish politics in as a major theme for Stephen Dedalus to address. Stephen often Idolizes or admonishes different characters in Ireland's political landscape. Among these revolutionaries were the IRB (Irish Republican Brotherhood), Charles Steward Parnell, The revolutionaries of the 1916 Easter Rising and Sinn Fein. In the same year A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man was published, between 1000 and 1500 Irish patriots tried to capture the town of Dublin on Easter Day. The Easter Rising, as it was called, led to the death of approximately 1000 Irishmen and 500 Britons. Of the 1000 Irishmen, many were women and children, while of the 500 Britons; all were either soldiers or policemen. The Easter Rising was not a spontaneous ev... ...k, Rev. Timothy D. The Dedalus Factor: Einstein's Science and Joyce's Portrait of the Artist. The Modern World. 4 April 2002 http://www.themodernword.com/joyce/joyce_paper_clark.html The Early Years. Joyce and his time. 4 April 2002 http://web.nwe.ufl.edu/~kershner/bioa.html Fitzgibbon, Constantine. 1916 Easter Rising. 1916 The Rising. 4 April 2002 http://www.users.bigpond.com/kirwilli/1916/ James Joyce. Ultima actualizacion. 4 April 2002 http://www.cwrl.utexas.edu/~vfores/joyce.html Mythography. The Legend of Daedalus in Myth and Art. Mythography. 4 April 2002 http://www.loggia.com/myth/daedalus.html Niebuhr, Reinhold. The Serenity Prayer. Bread on the Waters. 21 April 2002 http://www.cptryon.org/prayer/special/serenity.html Timeline. James Joyce Resource center. 4 April 2002 http://english.ohio-state.edu/organizations/ijjf/jrc/jrctimel.htm

Feminist Issues in The Handmaids Tale Essay -- Feminism Feminist Wome

Feminist Issues in The Handmaid's Tale      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Handmaids Tale, by Margaret Atwood, can be classified as a distopic novel. The Republic of Gilead in The Handmaids Tale is characteristic of a distopia in that it is not intended as a prediction of the future of our society, but rather as a commentary on current social trends. Atwood has created this nation by isolating what she might consider the disturbing aspects of two diametrically opposed factions of our society (namely the religious right and radical feminism) as a theory as to what would happen if these ideals were taken to an extreme. Because she points out similarities in the thoughts and actions of the extreme religious right and certain parts of the feminist movement, some critics have labeled The Handmaid's Tale as anti-feminist. I would like to discuss the specific parts of the novel that lead to this opinion, and then discuss whether I believe this novel was intended as or can be seen as an attack on feminism.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The issue of pornography is one of the most significant in the Republic of Gilead. Pornography has become illegal and is used as a generalized illustration of the many perceived societal problems before the theocracy gained power. While receiving training at the hands of the Aunts the handmaids are repeatedly shown violent pornographic videos to demonstrate how much better off women are in this time as opposed to previously. Offred's experience of watching these videos is intertwined with her memories of her mother and her participation in anti-pornography riots and magazine burnings.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   By placing these instances side by side Atwood shows that pornography is a point at which two extremes of society (here feminist and religio... ...feminism. By taking this view we can see that Offred could be considered a feminist and that people involved in women's right's movements over changing times may come to represent completely different values than they did originally (which explains the occasional overlap of feminist and religious movements, assuming that religious ideals are static). Freedom from subjugation is at the heart of all feminist movements, regardless of what form they take.    References Leavitt, JW, Brought to Bed: Childbearing in America, 1750-1950. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1986. Moore, Pamela, Atwood, Margaret: The Handmaid's Tale. Boston, MS: Houghton Mifflin, 1986. Wertz RW, Wertz DC, Lying-In: A History of Childbirth in America. New York, NY: Free Press, 1977. www.wsu.edu:8000/~brains/science_fiction/handmaid.html www.med.upenn.edu   

Not Waving but Drowning Essay

Not waving but drowning – the poem written by stevie smith is itself a conceit. The whole poem is an extended metaphor for someone going through depression and his cries have constantly been ignored. The phrase â€Å"I was much further out than you thought† gives out a message that the man was too far out all his life. He had nothing to look forward to, this could also mean that he hence drowned on his own will. Though â€Å"Still lay moaning† shows that he had been trying to show his emotions since a long time but he was hiding behind false emotions. Poor chap, he always loved larking. And now he’s dead† is a sarcastic caption , this shows that the town people show no little concern about his death. Maybe also because he was always cold , to just hide his sorrows. The poem could also be interpreted as ,that the man all this while has been drowning and not waving as from far flawing your hands look like you are waving, the people must have hence misperceived his predicament and hence left him there alone, to drown. Not waving but drowning stresses pain and suffering, specifically the pain and suffering of a dieing old man. â€Å"Oh no no no , it was too cold always† shows that if he died from being in depression, he was always in depression, and no one realized as he hid it all this while, by larking and trying to be happy. The poet concludes the poem with â€Å"And not waving but drowning† which shows that the man is in complete denial and dies in despair.

The culture of management versus medicine

Are doctors, good managers? Are they even trained at all to be managers? These are poignant questions that have always arisen from the dichotomy that seems to exist between the arts of medicine for which a doctor is trained and the acts of management to which he is constantly exposed to within the hospital walls. Until a doctor actually seat down to ask the question sincerely, scrutinize his answer properly and task appropriate steps at merging the two indispensable qualities, he would constantly be faced with challenges that can be more Herculean than arriving at differential diagnoses. These two concepts are indispensable in the life of a doctor, and that of any other health professional. They can actually be merged. More than that, really, they must be merged for full and productive society. A medical officer trained in the art of medicine must develop the skills of human relationships: these skills would help him manage the enormous resources that are his disposal for sustaining a functional health care centre. These resources are human resources: the colleagues at work, other members of the medical team which he works such as nurses, physiotherapists, laboratory technologists etc, and even the patients that he attends to. A great deal of effort has to be put in organizing this group of people; it is in doing this that productivity is ascertained, excellence fostered and results become increasing forthcoming. Other health care providers need be aware of this important knowledge. Government officials who are involved in funding the health sector also need to be carried along in this train of Medicine and Management train for holistic and productive funding. It is therefore not far from the truth that the culture of medicine and management need prompt reconciliation. The need for reconciliation is more overwhelming and irresistible as facts abound for its emergency. The differences need to be reconciled as soon as possible. The reconciliation is possible. More than possible, it could be said that it is existing, only that it is silent. The clamor then would be for a formal and gradual or sudden erosion of the apparent dichotomy. This can be achieved through a foundational work. No strong change can be made to a structure without an overhauling of its foundation. The medical school for the health practitioners and the other institutions of higher learning are the major places where this can be achieved. For medical personnel, education among managerial skills in their medical training can be of tremendous impact in achieving this indispensable reconciliation. For managers interested in medicine, an introductory course on medical education would also help. If it is part of curriculum, it gradually becomes a way of life that would span ages. Apart of this consistent courses and seminars would also be of help for all health workers. These would insidiously push this point home. Really, if this is done, there would enhanced health care delivery as more managers of all forms of resources would be produced. With these, and the general Public benefit a lot. SOURCES Harvard Medical School [Medicine and Management] www.kff.org [Kaiser family foundation]

Competency, Alliance Building, and Character

â€Å"Competency† is technically defined as â€Å"the behaviors that employees must possess or must obtain to input into a situation to be able to complete high levels of performance† (Le Deist et. al., 2005). â€Å"Alliance Building†, on the other hand, is technically defined as â€Å"the ability to work with other members of the workforce† (Competency.., n.d.). Explaining further, an employee should be able to: 1) exhibit capabilities within the group; 2) respect or value other co-employees or co-workers in spite of cultural and individual differences; 3) assume multiplicity of tasks and functions while working with other people; 4) listen, contribute ideas, show inventiveness, acknowledge other peoples’ inputs/involvement/contribution; 5) identify and describe group responsibilities; 6) accept constructive criticisms; 7) distinguish conflict;8) utilize â€Å"conflict management skills† including: identification of conflict, knowing the iss ues, taking into consideration other employees’ points of view, thinking of solutions, brainstorming the results, explaining the resolution process appropriate to the job, justification of the option selected, application of the choice picked, as well as, reflecting on the result/effect; 9) etc (Competency.., n.d.). â€Å"Character†, however, technically refers to â€Å"the positive characteristics that an employee should possess to be able to carry out his or her task and functions excellently† (Competency.., n.d.). These positive characteristics include the following: 1) confidence; 2) willingness to accept responsibilities; 3) capability of working realistically; 4) ability to develop great beliefs consequently reflecting an excellent character; 5) capacity to relate with other employees who â€Å"show signs of character†; 6) honesty; 7) tolerance; 8) wisdom; 9) â€Å"selfless service†; 10) hardworking; 11) concerned with others and not just him self or herself (Tartaglia, 1999).â€Å"Competency†, â€Å"alliance building†, as well as, â€Å"character† contribute largely to success (Tartaglia, 1999). All the aforementioned are needed in order for a person to succeed in any given endeavor (Tartaglia, 1999). Let us take for instance, in the workplace, specifically in a restaurant, an employee should possess competency so that he or she will be able to perform at his or her best (Tartaglia, 1999). He or she should always strive to cook and serve the best dishes (Tartaglia, 1999). Furthermore, alliance building should also be included in his vocabulary, because if for instance, he or she feels that he or she is always right or blames/resents others, he or she is impatient or intolerant, he or she is a fault-finder, then he or she does not have the capability to work with others (Tartaglia, 1999).In addition to that, if he or she has excuse for every mistake or failure he or she commits, then he or she does n ot have the â€Å"character† to make it or to succeed in his or her chosen endeavor (Tartaglia, 1999). Similarly, if he or she is dishonest, as well as, if he or she is unwilling to go the extra mile to serve others, for instance, he is only willing to work during his or her schedule and does not voluntarily help others especially if he or she feels that his or her work is already done for the day, then he or she does not have the â€Å"character† needed to succeed in his or her chosen career (Tartaglia, 1999).Another field where â€Å"competency†, â€Å"alliance building†, and â€Å"character† is necessitated is in the â€Å"Research Consultancy Firm† (Tartaglia, 1999). Here researchers should have competency to perform very well; this in not only to keep their jobs but to be promoted as well (Tartaglia, 1999). They should be able to satisfy their clients with their research works, thus competency is really required (Tartaglia, 1999). Allia nce building is also important in the Research Consultancy Firm, for instance, the researchers need statisticians to do statistical analysis for them to be able to complete their research works so they really need to be flexible enough to work with others (Tartaglia, 1999). Last but not least, doing research takes a lot of time, energy, and patience, thus â€Å"character† is needed in order to succeed in it (Tartaglia, 1999). Also, since satisfaction of clients is very important in this field, it is important that researchers learn to accept constructive criticisms, negative feedback, and great understanding to be able to improve, if not perfect, their work (Tartaglia, 1999).ReferencesCIPD. (2007). Competency and Competency Frameworks. Retrieved September 1, 2007 fromhttp://www.cipd.co.uk/subjects/perfmangmt/competnces/comptfrmwk.htmCompetency-Based Performance Standard for Ability to Work with Others. (n.d.). RetrievedSeptember 1, 2007 fromhttp://www.ed.state.nh.us/education /doe/organization/adultlearning/Guidance/rubrics/work-others.htmLE DEIST, F.D. and WINTERTON, J. (2005). What is competency? Human ResourceDevelopment International, 8(1), 27-46.Tartaglia, L.A. (1999).   The Seven Marks of Character. Retrieved September 1, 2007 fromhttp://home.earthlink.net/~denmartin/fla.html

Collecting Information and Forecasting Demand Essay

Collecting Information and Forecasting Demand - Essay Example The last component is the model of marketing which refers to the model that is followed by an organization and its marketing team in developing and implementing marketing plan in order to increase the sales and awareness of an organizations goods and services. One of the most important part of the marketing intelligence system is internal records of the system and these records are essential as they help in identifying and differentiating between those marketing process that are operating in an effective and efficient manner and those systems that are ineffective and inefficiently operating. Example of one such record are the sales invoices of an organization and these sales invoices help in depicting the sales level of different products and services of a company (Kotler, 2012). If the sales invoices depict that the sales of a particular good and service has declined, the information can be useful in identifying the reasons that led to the decline and can even help in identifying so lutions to increase

Analyze Emil Sinclair's development on the book Demian by Herman Hesse Essay

Analyze Emil Sinclair's development on the book Demian by Herman Hesse - Essay Example Reading through the story makes it quite subtle that it deals with an internal development of Emil Sinclair; all the same, the overall result delivers a transformation from that personal bit to arrive at a universal meaning. At the young age of ten, Emil Sinclair first identifies two different sides of life, the light and the dark side of life also represented by good and evil. Each of these two sides of life is represented by actual phenomena, for instance, the light also the good side of life is represented by Sinclair’s family, home and their customs and traditions. The dark side of life is transient both with experiences in his life as well as imaginations in his mind. An example of this is Sinclair’s world as filled with servant girls and ghost stories. Sinclair continuously envisions images of ghosts and the devil somewhere in the neighborhood but these are never present at his own home (Hesse, Egon and Ingrid 222). These perceptions and the likelihood of the ghos ts and the devil around the neighborhood makes Sinclair prefer the safety and warmth of his home. At this stage, he perceives his life as holy â€Å"saintly† as he is born of righteous parents. ... Besides introduction to the dark world, Kromer acts as the guide to the novel world. Sinclair’s interaction with Kromer is the first apparent step in loosing his innocence and accommodating divergent ideas separate from those propagated by his parents. It opens him to the reality that there is much to the world than that he has been taught in class or has been told by the parents. During this period characterized by overwhelming new information on the dark world, Sinclair is still uncertain on how to handle and navigate through the dark world. At the same time, Sinclair is still awed by the information that Demain presents to him on Cain. At this point, he still has no definite framework to guide his thoughts or perceive the radical information presented to him (Hesse). This is perhaps the reason why Sinclair attempts to return to his parents after Demain frees him from Kromer. This is because the parents assure him of security and comfort and ensure predictability. Further de velopment comes with age and continuous interaction with Demain. Through this Sinclair is able to perceive a life beyond the strict systems and laws that restrict his life. Reaching adolescence he becomes more interested in women and the significance of confirmation classes wanes. The most revealing factor is that he feels very comfortable with this departure. It marks his transition from complete consciousness with the holy to a preference of his desires. Centrality of his desires is epitomized when he meets Beatrice, Beatrice represents an archetype of a person he wishes to associate with. This translates into an overwhelming desire and immense feelings, further they characterize a new phase where he grasps the importance

Assignment 16 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Assignment 16 - Essay Example Japan, all utility companies are obliged to get power from suppliers whose electricity have been generated by wind, hydro, solar, geothermal or biomass. Germany has moved a step higher by exploiting new off shores at the sea through the windmills projects. In Holland, renewable energy releases no greenhouse gases and they are being tested in the Northern provinces. The United States has taken several measures in regard to environmental conservation and alternative energy use. However, the countries mentioned above perhaps have achieved better results in respect of their use of alternative energy soures. The United States can borrow a leaf from the above countries and embrace the use of renewable power. John Muir is one of America’s reknowned naturalists and environmentalists. Muir who lived between 1838 and 1914 is known to have been a major influene in the establishment of several national parks in the U.S. Some of the parks associated with him include the Sequoia National Park and the Yosemite National Park (Lallanilla par 2). In addition, he influenced the establishment of millions of conservation areas. In 1892, Muir together with others founded the Sierra Club, a movemnet that was dedicated to environmental conservation. As a result of his contributions and ideals, Muir impacted the likes of many people across the world including former U.S. president Theodore Roosevelt. Muir’s interest and commitment to environmental conservation began at a tender age; when he was a young boy. He developed a passion for environmental conservation when he went hiking in the Gulf of Mexico (Lallanilla par 2). His experience at hiking was exhilarating. It is disturbing to learn that with the population of humans growing faster than the rate at which the natural resources are getting replenished, the world may end up in major problems. A growing human population means that the world will need more food to sustain life. Yet again, the level of pollution has been and indeed

Historic Preservation and the Imagined West Term Paper

Historic Preservation and the Imagined West - Term Paper Example It is the oldest and most historic block of the Mile High City. The buildings of the area tell a lot about the birth and the early years of the city of Denver. The Lower Downtown was formed with the intension to encourage the preservation of a significant area which is vital because of its historical area, architectural look and economic value. The historic resources were given protection due to the historic status of the area. Protection was also given to the 127 contributing historic structures by the act of zoning ordinance. This ordinance included building height limitations and encouraged mixed use development. For rehabilitation and new constructing purposes it provided strict design guidelines. This LoDo District was formed when an unorganized group of Lower Downtown property owners joined District Collaborative, a marketing entity, to form the so called LoDo District. This joint effort was focused on the needs of the neighborhood as it produced a diverse group of people whose community and philanthropic interests were based on those needs. Denver City was named after James Denver who was the territorial governor or Kansas and the main street was named after his son General Larimer. Larimer’s cabin which was torn in 1961 and a one-story false-front store was built at its place until in 1982 when the Granite building was constructed. The first bank, bookstore, photographer and dry goods store of Denver was housed at the city block of Larimer Square. Denver’s first post office was also built on the same block, where currently the Bent Lens is located. The block also had Denver’s first theatre in the Lincoln building, currently where the store Eve is located. The North West corner of Larimer Streets had a building which was once a legendary watering hole for politicians, policemen and city hall reporters known as Gahan’s Saloon. Dana Crawford, an award-winning

Study guide for an exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Study guide for an exam - Essay Example The current global footprint is exceeding the potential of the planet to sustain itself. However, with time, there will be a number of issues, which might help to bring the global footprint down and make the existence of humans on the planet sustainable. According to Wackernagel and William (32), sustainable developemt is the kind of developent, which meets the needs of today’s popualtion without compromising the needs of future generations. The first is the fact that technology is increasing the ability for the planet to sustain itself. Technology will help in producing manufacturing systems, which, in turn, produce less waste for the same level of production. At the same time, technology can be used to develop ways for the planet to help refresh its resources faster as artificial genetic modification of plants will make it easier for plants to grow faster. The second important fact is that people will get more aware about the issue of sustainability, and this may help in mak ing sure that people and societies can start living in a more sustainable way. This will, however, depend on how aggressively the campaign for sustainability is going to be accomplished. Section II Q 3: Tragedy of the Commons Tragedy of the Commons refers to the overuse and sometimes abuse of a common resource by different individuals who act independently in their exploitation of a natural resource. A good example of a common, which is being depleted by different parties, is the oceans. Different countries are depleting the oceans in a number of ways, without knowing that they are doing it. Nations such as China, the USA, European Union countries and other big nations are depleting the oceans at quite an intense pace. The oceans and seas are all interconnected and when depletion happens in one area, the effect is being felt in many other areas. For instance, overfishing is becoming a major problem as fish reserves are being depleted around the world. There is a reason why depleting fish reserves in one area of the planet affects any other area. First of all, most fish and marine animals, such as whales, sharks etc., always travel for long distances, and this means that when these fish and mammals are depleted in one area, the rest of the fauna will still be affected. In this regard, it becomes clear that seas and oceans are one of the commons, which are being affected by different nations of the world, thus, depleting the resources. Another way in which the seas are depleted is by the rising the number of cruise ships, which are increasingly overburdening the seas with waste that is hard for the seas to absorb or assimilate. The main issue with this is the fact that these cruise ships are causing massive deaths in the seas because they produce a lot of waste as they keep going. The USA, Canada and China are leading this type of pollution with their increasing number of cruise ships that take to the open sea for long periods of time, thus, spilling a lot of wa ste into the water. The waste produced by these nations has led to disasters in the marine life with many marine animals being reported as dying or having serious health issues caused by these wastes produced. Q4: Triple bottom-line Triple bottom-line is a concept of accounting, which argues that firms should look at various issues when

Joseph the Favorite Son Essay Example for Free

Joseph the Favorite Son Essay Abstract The story of Joseph is one of the classic stories which portrayed sibling rivalry that was fueled by envy. Joseph’s story can be found in the book of Genesis, the same biblical book where the story of â€Å"Cain and Abel† can be found; another story that portrayed sibling rivalry. At the beginning of the story, it was pretty obvious that Joseph was loved by his father, Jacob, so much that he was given high regard over his other brothers upon which ten were older than him. When they finally reached the boiling point, they originally plotted to kill Joseph but later decided to just sell him to a passing Ishmaelite merchant. He was sold to the Pharaoh of Egypt who decided to make him the Pharaoh’s personal servant. This is where he was able to practice and utilize his gift from God, which was interpreting dreams. Joseph, the Favorite Son Joseph was the eleventh of twelfth sons of Jacob, who was regarded in the bible as Israel while his sons were the twelve tribes of Israel. One day, Joseph had a dream about eleven stars, the sun, and the moon bowing before him (Genesis 37:9 Revised Standard Version). This is when his father, Jacob, realized that Joseph was blessed by God. Ever since learning about that fact, he became overprotective of Joseph, as he knew that his other sons will try to harm him if Joseph told them his dreams and its interpretations. Joseph became his favorite son, and because of this, his other sons grew jealous of Joseph. They started to despise him, and plotted to kill him—except for the eldest among the brothers, Reuben. Jealousy and envy has caused previous sibling rivalry stories in the book of genesis—an example would be the story of â€Å"Cain and Abel†. However, one cannot blame the antagonists for being jealous for there is always a favor or favoritism factor in some of these stories; including the story of Joseph the dreamer. It is safe to assume that out of favoritism comes jealousy, and then from jealousy comes rivalry. The Genesis Touch A lot of themes from the book of Genesis tend to repeat themselves in the book’s thematic divisions—Creation and post-creation (Adam and Eve, with addition of Cain and Abel), Patriarch Saga (Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob), and The Story of Joseph the dreamer. There is bound to be theme similarities between stories that belong to each thematic division. In the story of Joseph, the themes that can be identified are: (1) Faith (exists in Abraham), (2) Sibling Rivalry (exists in Cain and Abel), (3) Covenant (exists in all stories of the Genesis), (4) Fall and Restoration (exists in Adam and Eve), and (5) Destiny (exists in Abraham). Faith is one of the most recurring themes in the Old Testament as well as in some parts of the New Testament. It starts from the creation story wherein God entrusted Eden to Adam and Eve. Faith was also present at the story of Abraham, whom he acted on a leap-of-faith, dedicated himself to sacrifice his son, Isaac, for God; although, it did not push through. Like in the two stories, Faith is also present here in the story of Joseph. However, Faith here may have been slightly different as it was faithfulness of Joseph towards Israel—Jacob. He was a tattle tale: â€Å"and Joseph brought an ill report of them to their father† (Genesis 37:2). Indeed through Joseph’s faithfulness, it earned him the title of â€Å"Jacob’s favorite son†. However, this did not bode well with his brothers, as it intensified their jealousy and hatred towards him. Sibling Rivalry was always bound to happen. The theme of Sibling Rivalry has existed since the story of â€Å"Cain and Abel†. It proliferated to other succeeding stories, including the story of Joseph. One problem of Joseph that prompted his brothers to despise him was his arrogance. Other than him being the favorite son of Jacob, he did show arrogance in some parts of the story while sharing his dreams to his brothers: â€Å"He said to them, ‘Hear this dream which I have dreamed: behold, we were binding sheaves in the field, and lo, my sheaf arose and stood upright; and behold, your sheaves gathered round it, and bowed down to my sheaf† (Genesis: 36:6-7). Who would not be mad after hearing that? This prompted them to hate him even more with his dreams and how he interprets the dreams. However, Joseph’s gift of interpreting dreams was considered as a blessing from God. Through this, a covenant between God and Joseph was created. The Covenant theme has always recurred throughout the bible. After all, it is a holy agreement between God and an individual—usually men in the Old Testament. Like in all stories before Joseph’s, a covenant was likely to be formed through the blessings that the individual will receive. It may have been like a past version of â€Å"the terms of agreement†. Joseph’s gift frightened and angered his brothers, as they sold him to an Ishmaelite merchant instead of killing him—as Reuben suggested. The Ishmaelite then sold Joseph to Potiphar, an officer of Pharaoh, who made him his personal servant. Joseph was not fully aware that he and God had a covenant ever since he received the gift of interpreting dreams. Even so, he was continuously blessed by God as he prospered and became successful. Then Potiphar’s wife kept tempting him—familiar with the creation story—to lie with her in bed; have sex with her. However, he always refused. This prompted her to accuse him of trying to sleep with her and was thrown into prison. Then he was continuously blessed by God while he was imprisoned: â€Å"But the Lord was with Joseph and showed him steadfast love, and gave him favour in the sight of the keeper of the prison† (Genesis 39:21). These favors made Joseph realize the covenant that bounded him with God. The fall and restoration of Joseph may have occurred during his days in Egypt. The theme of fall and restoration is a theme that greatly comprises the tragedy that occurs to a person and a periodic rise right after. For example, the fall and restoration that occurred in the story of Adam and Even was the temptation up to the point wherein God banished them. Although not much restoration happened, God decided to just banish them out of Eden and start their own life, instead of decimating them. In the story of Joseph, the fall and restoration occurred in two phases: (1) When he was thrown at the pit and sold which later on prospered in Egypt, and (2) The accusation of Potiphar’s wife and his interpretation of the Pharaoh’s dream which earned him an important government position. Upon the realization of the covenant, the second phase took place. The full restoration took place while he became the overseer that handles food distribution and storage. As his brothers went to Egypt to buy grain during the seven years of famine, he saw them and commanded them to return and fetch Benjamin, the brother closest to Joseph, with them on their way back to Egypt. After which, Benjamin was able to identify him and soon their family was reunited. This was the full restoration that occurred after the start of the first phase and the end of the second phase. It may have been destiny that brought them together once again. Destiny is a strong word that has always been present in the Bible. It was God’s will towards a person, especially those whom He has chosen to lead; for example, like Abraham. Combining the other four themes would generate the destiny that God assigned to Joseph ever since blessing him with the gift of dream interpretation. His destiny may have been played out in this fashion: He was given the gift of dream interpretation—the father admires his faithfulness to him and discovers his skill, warning him not to tell his brothers about it—Joseph told his brothers about a dream that intensified their jealousy and hatred towards him—most of them plotted to destroy him, sold him instead to a merchant—he became Potiphar’s servant, who later became his prisoner after being framed—butler and baker made him interpret their dreams, wherein the butler promised that he will be remembered—Pharaoh had a nightmare that he wanted to interpret, so he sent for Joseph and had it interpreted (after the butler recommended him to the Pharaoh)—Joseph interpreted it accurately and was assigned as the overseer of food distribution and storage—With this position, it gave him an opportunity to reunite with his family after disappearing for so long—then the Hebrews were offered a land in Egypt wherein they moved there from Canaan, delivering them from famine (Genesis 37-47). In this process, the four Genesis themes of Joseph’s story were combined to form and somewhat correlate with the last theme which was Destiny. It was by God’s will that his destiny was formed right from the start. Joseph the son, dreamer, servant, prisoner, interpreter, and official Joseph was the eleventh son of Jacob, and he was the most favored among all of his brothers. It was mentioned that he was at age seventeen when he started experiencing these dreams that were believed to be visions of the future. For his father, this was a blessing by God which earned him more favor over his brothers. Other than that, Joseph was loyal to Jacob who was Israel—as the story would mention. His loyalty earned him a rightful place and won his father’s favor. He was equally loyal to God as the blessed gift of dream interpretation tied them together. However, he had a minor flaw when he was at age seventeen. He was a bit arrogant, although he was unaware of it. It may have been possible that he was sharing his dream (Genesis: 36:6-7) to his brothers which he should not have, in the process disobeying their father as he was warned not to tell them any of his dreams nor his special talent. For his brothers, they found the context of the dream as an act of arrogance since it interpreted that they should bow to him. This further fueled their hatred towards Joseph. As he was the eleventh son, it was disrespectful to mention such a thing towards the older brothers. His father loved and favored him but his brothers despised him, that they plotted to kill him but with Reuben’s intervention, he was sold to an Ishmaelite trader instead. When Joseph became the servant of Potiphar, he expressed the same kind of loyalty that he had towards his father; although, it may have also been because of the fact that he was loyal to God as well. Being God-blessed and loyal earned him Potiphar’s favor and made him the overseer of the house who was in-charge of all over that Potiphar had (Genesis 39:4). With all of these blessing come an unfortunate circumstance: Potiphar’s seduction or temptation of Joseph. It was a test that Joseph successfully passed. However, he was framed by the wife and was put in prison. Another twist occurred when God blessed him while he was imprisoned (Genesis 39:21). His prison sentence led him to another circumstance upon which was favorable to him. The chief butler and chief baker of the Pharaoh were thrown in prison as well after disappointing the Pharaoh. This was where he was given the opportunity to interpret the dreams of others, when both the butler and the baker had dreams—which were probably visions of the future. Both ended up looking troubled the next day, hence prompting Joseph to help: â€Å"So he asked Pharaoh’s officers who were with him in custody in his master’s house, ‘Why are your faces downcast today? ’ (Genesis 40:7). In the ancient world, dreams usually need interpretation as they would convey messages that may hold great importance to the person’s life. The two had Joseph interpret their dreams, both of which came true. As the Pharaoh experienced a vision of his own in his dream, he asked his magicians and top officials to interpret it for him. None of them could not interpret the dream accurately until the butler remembered Joseph and recommended him. Joseph was then called by the Pharaoh whom accurately interpreted the dreams. Impressed by the accuracy of Joseph’s interpretation, he assigned him as the overseer of the country—that handled resource distribution, especially food since it will be affected by the famine. Joseph, as usual, showed loyalty to his master and managed the resource distribution accordingly. Reading the story, Joseph had his ups and downs throughout this phase of his life. Joseph’s character developed, evolving and adapting, through these ups and downs until he was able to rise up. Joseph started out as a boy but ended up being a man upon which a country depended on. Adding to his personal traits, it could be said that he was forgiving as he did not exact revenge upon the brothers who mistreated him. Blessings and Misfortunes It could be said that a lot of blessings and unfortunate things can happen to one person. Joseph experienced his share of blessings and misfortunes throughout the story; apparently there were more blessings for God was always with him. The first one among the series of blessings and misfortunes would be a blessing wherein he was blessed with the gift of dream interpretation. It was also evidence of God’s presence in him or with him. This blessing would be immensely important for him, his family, and Egypt later on. For now, it led to his second fortune which was earning his father’s favor and guaranteed his safety through the protection of his father. He became Jacob’s favorite because of his loyalty and blessed skill. However, this led to the first unfortunate event that sent him on a rollercoaster ride. His brothers despised him greatly and plotted to kill him; although ended up selling him instead. He was brought away to a far land, away from his family. Then as God continued to bless him, he experienced his third blessing which was being the Potiphar’s overseer of the house. His loyalty was noticed by Potiphar who gave him the position. All Joseph wanted in exchange for his service was food. Unfortunately, things did not last as he was framed by Potiphar’s wife—because he refused to sleep with her. He was thrown into prison, which was the second misfortune he experienced. However, since God remained with him, he was blessed yet again, giving him favor from the prison keeper who attended to his care and all of the prisoners’. Then an opportunity to exercise his blessed skill arrived when two of the Pharaoh’s officials were thrown in the same prison. Lucky smiled upon him once again, giving him an opportunity to get out of prison. The rest of the events that followed were all blessings that were guised under different forms and circumstances. This proves that his relationship with God is an impregnable bond. After all, he was in covenant with God. Joseph’s Covenant with God Joseph’s skills was put in good use, in favor of God’s plan for him and his people—his family and other Hebrews. As Joseph remained faithful and loving to God, God remained upon Joseph’s side, blessed him whichever place he ends up in and protected him from evil—temptation and harm throughout the story. It was as though they were bounded as one. However, he was also considered as a tool to deliver God’s plan to the Hebrews—who descended from Abraham and Isaac. This was probably an equivalent exchange for the blessings God has given Joseph. It was like his relationship with his father Jacob, although much stronger. A Unified Mood, Character, and theme The story encompasses a fluctuating mood that shifts from happiness to tragedy and back. It seems that the mood is dictated by the flow of events throughout the story, the themes that it entails, and the development of the characters—even the minor ones experience development. Each factor correlates with each other, as if dictating each other within certain situations. An instance wherein the three were unified was the time when Joseph shared his dreams (Genesis 37:6-11) with his brothers, as well as his father. The way he delivered the dream and the dream’s outcome itself infuriated the brothers, who were already envious of him being their father’s favorite. This signified that they had enough of Joseph who seemed to have bossed them around. His brothers developed a more raging spite towards Joseph which later on was seen as he was beaten and thrown in a well, then sold to a trader. Jacob also had a negative reaction to Joseph’s story as it prompted him to scold his son, but later on warns him of his brothers’ intentions. As seen in this situation, the dream caused the theme of sibling rivalry to reach its breaking point, as the brothers plotted to dispose of Joseph. They were able to develop into a character that could not tolerate the favoritism of their father towards Joseph anymore. The mood of this scene turned sour, as jealousy and anger filled the relationship between Joseph and his brothers. His father also experienced a change in character as he became more overprotective of Joseph, scolding him for telling his dreams to his brothers. The mood shifted from an anger to care, in a heartbeat. From the example, the correlation between Theme, Mood, and Character can be seen. It may as well be possible that opposing elements would create unity between the theme, mood, and character. Take the prison scene for example. He was not distraught when he was thrown in prison for God was there to help him. He believed in God whom he shared a covenant with. The prison keeper showed favor towards him—not the typical prison keeper of the ancient times. In prison, he was also given an opportunity to show his blessed skill to two of the Pharaoh’s officials, upon which one died. The setting clearly opposed the mood and the character—prisoners usually degrade in prison. It then enabled the unification of the two with the theme of faith, as Joseph never showed any sign of subjecting to his status. The story of Joseph was probably meant to be a lesson that taught its readers to always remain faithful to God, for He will bless those who are. That may be the message that this story wishes to convey to its readers. For every fall, a periodic rise will follow. References The Holy Bible, Revised Standard Version, Catholic Edition. (1966). London: Thomas Nelson Sons Ltd, for Incorporated Catholic Truth Society.